Media And Pornography Essays (2542 words) - Pornography,

Media And Pornography It started by way of messengers and scribes, evolved through the presentation of newspapers and radio, brought us together with television, and now serves us world-wide via the ever-popular Internet. It is the mass media, and even from the earliest days of its existence, it has contributed greatly in ways that both enlighten and enrich society, and ways that deteriorate and perplex it. It is not a surprise to learn, then, that the mass media is the most powerful source of information we have, and nothing else in today's world influences public perception quite as heavily. Unfortunately, however, most of what is broadcast or transmitted in the news today is with reference to the chaotic condition of our planet, or something else that society as a whole sees as detrimental or damaging. But the news on television is not the only type of media taking the criticism of society. Other forms of mass media, specifically movies and television programs containing pornography and violence have been heavily criticized. The underlining concept to be debated here is that society is negatively influenced, specifically, by these images of pornography and the result is increased violence against women. This assumption, and it is indeed only an assumption, is completely fallacious, however, as no concrete and completely conclusive evidence has ever been formulated in support of the theory. The key premise here is that the mass media does not cause undesirable social behaviour and in actuality, the media people should not be dubbed as the ?bad guys?. They simply use their power in the most constructive ways possible in order to promote their ratings and popularity. One way to do that is to concentrate on what sells: sex, violence and disaster. Having said this, why is it then, that many in society still believe otherwise; why do they continue to believe that pornography is ?evil? and is a major cause for violence against women, specifically rape? There are many reasons for this misinterpretation and through the following few points, an attempt will be made to show that pornography has very little to almost no correlation with violence against women (of course nothing is ?absolute? in society). In order to demonstrate this, it must be made evident that pornography is not ?evil? and does not cause undesirable social behaviour by displaying nude women in sexually explicit circumstances. Thus, it is important to indicate that women are not treated only as sexual objects through the media. This is done in an attempt to quash any traces of ?evil? in pornography. Subsequently, a second point, that some may consider to be completely bizarre, can be addressed; that pornography actually reduces the amount of violence against women. For thousands of years, sex itself has been considered ?evil? and revolting. This is exactly why the concealment of the sex organs and teaching feelings of shame toward human sexuality is so common worldwide (Christensen 1990:4). These same feelings of shame are the chief reasons that sex is considered a personal and private matter. Contrary to the beliefs of many, the mass media did not create these settings; society creates this image. In some societies, women have no reservations with regard to living their entire lives completely naked, while in other societies, females cover themselves from head to toe, only revealing their eyes. The media has been bombarded with criticism, overwhelmingly from the female community, relative to the amount of sexually explicit material that is published in magazines and that appears on television and in the cinemas. A common argument against pornography is that the media portrays women as being nothing more than sexual playthings and objects to satisfy male sexual desires. As before, the media once again, is not to be held responsible for creating this image; these views are products of society. It would be downright absurd to assume that women in this society are treated as sexual objects only because the media releases or broadcasts pornographic material. A magazine associated with make-up and skin care, for example, will quite obviously not be concentrating on much else. Such a magazine would not display pictures of women who mountain-climb or women who water-ski; only images of make-up and text referring to skin care would be relevant. Clearly, society does not consider women to be beings who's only purpose in life is to worry about make-up and skin care; but why are the complaints only directed towards pornographic media then? The answer to this question may be more complicated,

The Movie Thirteen Days

The Movie Thirteen Days Leadership is an integral part of any organization. Leadership is needed in homes, schools, companies and government. The lack of quality leadership in all sectors of society can easily mean failure and the emergence of problems that can lead to poverty, anarchy, and a sense of hopelessness (Manning Curtis, 2003, p.5).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Movie â€Å"Thirteen Days† and Example of an Effective Leader specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is therefore important to study how a leader can become an effective leader. However, the topic is so broad and there are so many angles that one can use to analyze this important topic. In the case of this study the movie â€Å"Thirteen Days† will be used because in the heart of the film stands an effective leader. Through the leadership abilities of John F. Kennedy, the Cuban Missile Crisis was successfully resolved and through his decisions he prevente d a nuclear holocaust that could have consumed the world. Background The Union Soviet Socialist Republic (â€Å"USSR†) is a loose organization of states ruled by the Communist Party. It was also known as the Soviet Union and after the Second World War there was no other government that was as powerful as the USSR except of course the United States of America. Built on the ideals of communism it stood as at a sharp contrast to the political structure of democracy that is the feature of the U.S. government. Thus, after the rebuilding process that occurred immediately after World War II the United States could no longer deny the fact that the Soviet Union wanted to convert the world to communism. This was achieved through creating alliances and supporting revolutionaries to overthrow conventional forms of government and transforming it into a version of the USSR. The rapid increase in the capability of the USSR has greatly alarmed the United States (Huston, 1988, p.7). For many people it was clear as day that the Soviet Union is the oppressor and everything has to be done to prevent it from dominating the world. But it can be argued that the Soviet Union saw everything from a different perspective. The Soviets believed that they have what it takes to create a better world for everyone and they are willing to defend what they hold dear at all cost. In their desire to advocate the communist ideals and to deter others from interfering with their plans the Soviet Union funded the stockpiling of nuclear weapons (Busch, 2001, p.21). In addition the Soviets established alliances with China, North Korea, Vietnam, East Berlin and most importantly Cuba. This resulted in greater conflict with the United States that paved way for series of proxy wars in Vietnam and Afghanistan (Malkasian, 2001, p.12).Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More But one of the most d aring moves by the USSR was to ship and install nuclear weapons to Cuba (Divine, 1988, p.13). This is the subject of the movie â€Å"Thirteen Days† in reference to arguably the most nerve of an Effective Leader specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has to be made clear that before assuming the office of the president Kennedy was a respected U.S. Senator even though at that time his youthful looks could have easily fooled everyone that he does not know anything about politics. His image received a major boost when he won the presidential election in the most convincing fashion considering the fact that he was very young when he decided to go for the highest office in America. His followers and his subordinates knew what he was capable of. It is easier for people to follow a winner than to follow someone perceived to be incompetent. It was a tremendous boost to the morale of any follower that their leader is a champion and willing to go t he distance with them. Group Members Immediately after Kennedy heard the intelligence report about the buildup of missiles in Cuba he immediately called for a meeting to determine how to resolve the conflict. The assembled group was comprised of select members of the cabinet and experts in Soviet relations and together they formed what would be known as the Executive Committee of the National Security Council or EXCOMM (Byrne, 2006, p.28). It can be said that President Kennedy surrounded himself with capable men. Consider the following dream team of talent. The Vice-President was Lyndon Johnson. The Secretary of Defense was Robert McNamara. The Secretary of State was Dean Rusk and the Attorney General was Robert Kennedy. All of these men are great leaders in their own right. If given the chance to shine and handle a crisis event each of these men can go through it and succeed. It is therefore important to realize that the president did not handle all the problems all by himself. He was assisted by equally capable and great men. Although Lyndon Johnson and Robert McNamara are heavyweights when it comes to leadership and their presence is a tremendous asset to the EXCOMM, it was the presidents brother, Robert Kennedy who proved to be the most important person among the presidents men.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since he is a brother, the blood- relations allowed a great degree of trust. John Kennedy can confide to his brother and he knew that he will not be betrayed. There is a commonality or a shared understanding that the success of one is also the success of the other. Robert Kennedy was the presidents secret weapon because he can ask somebody for advice and he knew that there is no hidden agenda, he can be assured that Robert Kennedy is giving him an advice not because he can get something in return but simply because it is the best course of action that the president can take. In addition the brother was a sounding board and it is easier for the president to visualize the impact of a decision or an idea after he was able to go through it with his brother. Characteristic and Traits The successful resolution of the crisis is attributed to the leadership traits and character of President Kennedy. There are three things that has to be highlighted in this regard. The first one is his intel ligence. The second one is his resolve. And finally his courage made the difference. Combining all these three characteristics produced in him leadership traits that did not only inspire confidence but respect. This is very important because at the end of the day the president was not only expected to influence his team, his subordinates and even his own countrymen; he also has to influence his enemies. The first thing that strikes the audience while watching the film was the sharp intellect of the president (Koestenbaum, 2002, p.279). It is a given that a person cannot become the president of the United States if he does not possess above average IQ. But in the case of the president the kind of intelligence that he brought with him to white house is beyond the academic type of knowledge. He combined everything with what he knew about politics, international relations, conflict resolution, and combined it all together with a wisdom that was beyond his years. He was able to rise up a bove the noise and the distractions to see the big picture and acted on it based on what he believes can diffuse the tension and save the world from total and imminent destruction. The first demonstration of his intellect is his realization that the First World War was the by-product of a series of errors, assumptions, and forced moves. The president wondered aloud the possibility that the Cuban Missile Crisis is similar to what transpired in the early part of the 20th century when nations were pulled into a conflict that forced them into a wall and that there was no other option but to fight (Hilsman, 1996, p.18). He made it clear that he is willing to explore alternative solutions because he believed that war should not be the last resort. The decision of the president to take it slow and to use the power of diplomacy to diffuse the problem is a case study in how a president should behave in times of conflict, most especially a president who controls a powerful army that has a des tructive capability that can destroy millions of lives. His example could easily benefit leaders in the 21st century who seemed to be obligated to go to war instead of using every resource available to maintain peace. While the rest of the national leaders were dictated by protocol and the bitter and negatively affected by the bitter outcome of the Cold War, John F. Kennedy refused to be swayed by the emotions that threatened to divide his team (Edwards, 2005, p.8). Thus, it must be said that aside from his exceptional intelligence another characteristic of the former president was his resolve. The moment that he locked on to a particular course of action he stayed the course. He was not distracted and he was not forced to change his strategy. While everyone was crying out that the president is about to commit a blunder, Kennedy was not persuaded to reconsider. This is not arrogance and this is not the behavior of a dictator but the action of a leader who believed that others are ab out to commit a major mistake by suggesting that they strike first. Finally, the most important leadership trait that he demonstrated during those tense moment in October of 1962 that help averted disaster was courage. The president was under fire and there were so many people opposed to his strategy and yet he was not afraid to face them all. More importantly, many of the powerful leader under his command were making decisions out of fear of a Soviet nuclear attack. This fear clouded their judgment. It is understandable why they feared the first strike capability of the Soviets. They knew what a long-range nuclear warhead can do. It can be launched from submarines and it can be launched from Cuba. If the Russians decided to launch the missiles then the United States had a few minutes to respond (Borovik, 1990, p.17). By that time the response is not enough to counteract the destructive power of the nuclear warheads but to simply launch their missiles to destroy the Soviet Union â⠂¬â€œ a mutually destructive course of action. It is therefore more beneficial to strike first. But it turned out that the Soviets had no plan to strike first. What would have happened if the president was terrified of what would happen to his life and decided to launch U.S. nuclear warheads? The Russians would respond and assure the mutual destruction of both countries. Internal Environment It has been said that effective leadership is the function of the leader, followers, and situational variables (Dubrin, 2010, p.19). This can be interpreted to mean that the leader is the by-product of his environment. In the case of John F. Kennedy his leadership brilliance found a platform wherein he can demonstrate what he can do. It can therefore be argued that without the institution of democracy in the United States and the laws and traditions that govern the election of a president as well as the creation of a system of checks and balances it would have been impossible for Kennedy to be i n command of one of the most powerful nations in the world. The democratic form of government created a division of power that prevented the president to act without consulting others and without gathering support from other branches of government. This enabled the president to tread carefully. One can just imagine if the American presidency has unlimited powers, then it is possible for Kennedy to act without consultation and no one knows what would be the outcome. In addition the four year term of the presidency calls for election every four years. This ritual made it necessary to form a team and a party to handle the campaign. Through this process a team was built and relationships were formed. Kennedy used the people in his campaign to help run the country during his term as president. The internal environment during the Cuban Missile Crisis was hostile to the president. The pressure that he felt from his own people and from his own generals forced him to become the best that he could be. The generals were men bound by rule and traditions. They interpret actions based on these rules and therefore they could not understand why the president would deliberately delay the order to conduct preemptive strikes against Cuba. For them the mere fact that missiles are being installed is the signal to go to war and they cannot afford to place the U.S. in a disadvantage position. But Kennedy saw beyond the rules of engagement and made the decision not to provoke the Soviet Union into armed conflict. External Environment The greatest test to Kennedys leadership capabilities is the Soviet Union and its Communist Party headed by Secretary Khrushchev. The Soviet Union were determined to show the world that they are a dominant force. This means that they will not take orders from any president especially one coming from their arch-nemesis the United States government. They can insist that there is nothing wrong with arming their ally Cuba. They can also argue that their acti on is not without precedent because the United States had installed missiles in other countries. The Russians could not afford to look weak in the international stage (Isby, 2002, p.10). It was the careful handling of the situation that showed proof of Kennedys leadership capabilities. The most amazing example of leadership is when John Kennedy instructed Robert Kennedy to create a graceful exit strategy for the Soviet Union. He had a clear understanding of human nature. He did not believe that people are moved by force alone. He also believed that people can be made to agree using diplomacy and respect. He respected the leader of the Soviet Union to the point that he did not want him to be embarrassed in international political arena. As a result Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missiles in Cuba. Conclusion Leadership is the by-product of the characteristics of the leader, followers, and the environment. Nevertheless, a great leader shines though because of courage, resolve and i ntelligence. John F. Kennedy had an overabundant supply of all three. He used his intellect to transcend beyond rules, traditions, and past conflicts and saw that a nuclear holocaust is not an option. He used his resolve to stand firm even though high-ranking officials of the U.S. government showed little faith with his proposed solution. Finally, he showed courage when everyone wanted to react in fear. His courage gave him the ability to withstand the pressure and thus making the right decisions all the way. He may have saved the lives of millions of people because he demonstrated how to be an effective leader. References Barnes, John. (2007) John F. Kennedy on Leadership. New York: AMACOM. Borovik, Artyom. (1990) The Hidden War: A Russian Journalist’s Account of the Soviet  War in Afghanistan. New York: Grove Press. Busch, Andrew. (2001) A Ronald Reagan and the Politics of Freedom. MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Byrne, Paul. (2006) The Cuban Missile Crisis: To the Br ink of War. MN: Compass Point Books. Divine, Robert. (1988) The Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Markus Weiner Publishing. Dubrin, Andrew. (2010) Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills, 6th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Edwards, Lee. (2005) The Essential Ronald Reagan,  MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Hilsman, Roger. (1996) The Cuban Missile Crisis. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Huston, James. (1988) Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War. New Jersey: Associated University Press. Isby, David. (2002) Russia’s War in Afghanistan. UK: Osprey Publishing. Koestenbaum, Peter. (2002) Leadership: The Inner Side of Greatness.  New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Malkasian, Carter. (2001) The Korean War. University Park, IL: Osprey Publishing. Manning, George and Curtis, Kent. (2003). The Art of Leadership.  New York: McGraw-Hill. Northhouse, Peter. (2010) Leadership: Theory and Practice, CA: Sage Publications. Schier, Helga. (2008) Cuban Missile Crisis. MN: ABDO Publishing.

Teen pregnancy , planned parenthood ,and similar ideologies relevant Assignment

Teen pregnancy , planned parenthood ,and similar ideologies relevant today - Assignment Example Being ready for something prepares you mentally and emotionally to look forward to, but in the case of it being un-planned, mostly abortion and giving up for adoption are the consequences which result from anger, guilt and denial (Immell 98). From 1970’s to2002, teen pregnancy was the norm of the society. Early marriages, as a sign of self-esteem and prestige were practiced. However, advancement in education and its availability to women, led to a decrease in marriages and births worldwide. At this point it must be considered that modernization from 2008 onwards and concept of marriages in the current century is considered to be a burden and hasty owing to sex being practiced commonly resulting in pregnancies but the contraceptive methods and popularity of options for adoption and abortion has led to a decline in the birth rate. Certain facts regarding worldwide teen pregnancy have evolved and need attention in regard to its wide epidemic and resulting consequences to be understood clearly. The under developed and developing countries are at a higher risk of adolescent pregnancies, with about every year birth of 16 million babies. Girls aged between fifteen and nineteen are the most targeted victims. If we talk in terms of statistics, approximately three million of them go on to put their babies for adoption or un-safe abortions. However it must be noticed that birth itself in this age is dangerous to health and can even cause death. Teen pregnancy in fact is a leading cause of death for girls in ages 15-19. Premature, still births and infant deaths are 50% higher for babies born to teens than to adolescent mothers. Limited or sometimes un-available educational and employment prospects forces early marriages. Concept of children as workforce is still communal. Under-developed and developing poor countries are at a higher level of risk for promoting teen pregnancies as more than 14% of girls in such

Hobbes and Locke views on the State of Nature Essay

Hobbes and Locke views on the State of Nature - Essay Example The egoism in man, is a presupposition of Hobbes which leads him to the description of nature as a constant power struggle. In a natural state, that is, in a physical state, men are generally equal in strength, mental capacity and experience (Solomon, Ed, 1992, p. 178). He asserts that everyone has a natural and equal right to everything. However, if man was without government the conflict from desire would lead to a state of war of every man against every man: Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common Power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which called Warre; and such a warre, as is of every man, against every man(Solomon, Ed, 1992, p. 179). Fortunately, however, Hobbes argues that "passion" in the form of a "fear of death", and the desire to live a long and peaceful life, has allowed man to use "reason" in order to form laws which combined, provide the basis or foundation of a civil society, allowing man, therefore, to escape the state of nature-- the universal "strife": â€Å"The Passions that encline men to Peace, are Feare of Death ... and Reason suggesteth convenient articles of Peace, upon which men may be drawn to agreement.(Solomon, Ed, 1992, p. 180) It is at this point, that the political philosophy of Hobbes can now be understood, given that the foundations have been established, namely, that if the end of man is security, then the state itself is necessary. In particular, for the purposes of securing peace, Hobbes argues that of the three forms of government, monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, monarchy is the most effective at realizing this end of a peaceful society. In keeping with the notion that the state itself, is a like a human body-- or, one might refer to the state in this sense, as the political body. Monarchy is like the mind of a body, which rationally maintains the desires in a sense of harmony. The desires, in terms of the analogy of the state with the body, amount to the people who th e monarch is sovereign over. Hobbes argues that for the purposes of peace, monarchy is necessary. The interests of the monarchy and his subjects, Hobbes argues are exactly alike, thus, what is good for the monarchy (the mind), is also good for the people (the body), given that they are all connected with the aim of self-maintenance: â€Å"It is manifest, that men who are in absolute liberty, may, if they please, give Authority to One man, to represent them everyone.† (Solomon, Ed, 1992, p. 184) Thus, if the Monarch is rich and secure, so too is the people, given that his wealth is derived from theirs. Further, there will be no argument and disagreement in making decisions, and that decisions will stand more firm. As an analogy again, with the body, one could see for example, that when someone is confused or in a state of inner turmoil mentally, often the body suffers as a result. If there is only one decision maker, namely, the monarch, then there is no suffering amidst the b ody as a whole. In terms of fear then, which was raised earlier in the context of Hobbes view of human nature, or his psychology, Hobbes argues that rather than fearing the sovereign which is reasonable and the regulator of the passions-- the body should

Privacy hw Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Privacy hw - Research Paper Example Privacy is required for risk management scenario. In the context of the provided case though, the logical factors for privacy will have to be correlated with human values and ethical consideration (Clarke, 2009). The parents of the deceased Marine wanted to seek access to his email. The service provider of the email, Yahoo was reluctant to concur with the request. In the given context from the point of view of Yahoo, the scenario brings into consideration the issue of computer ethics and the privacy aspect. Yahoo, as a service provider had agreed to certain terms with the deceased Marine which they can’t just waive off. The privacy issue is a main reason behind this decision as if the information is released to the parents then it could bring in devastating consequences. In terms of social point of view, the need for email privacy is a very relevant and important issue. Information ethics as a part of computer ethics has to consider not only the human beings along with their actions, characters, and intentions but also the ethical theories like utilitarianism and deontological has to be considered. Information ethics and the privacy related aspects sometimes has to be supplemented with traditional ethical consideration and it can also override the information ethics aspects if need arise (Bynum, 2008). In terms of privacy rights in general circumstances, the personal information associated with an email like password is very important. The security breach aspects like hacking, and stealing of personal information is very crucial aspect for ensuring email privacy and security. There is also a terms called ‘right to privacy’, which provides an individual to have right to control their personal information. Personal privacy in case of email in general circumstances is an uncompromising issue for a service provider like Yahoo (Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, 2010). As per electronic privacy information center, privacy laws are

Challenges faced by Colgate-Palmolive Company

Challenges faced by Colgate-Palmolive Company Nowadays business is like a war that has every things seem fair, but as a human being we need to kept in mind that all the ethical and moral issues that pertain to all the stake holders. Issues and problems are the ingredient of every business and life, but the only successful business man are the true fighter of all internal and external forces those create obstacle / hindrance in the success ladder. This report contain all the aspect of challenges faced by the contemporary business man in running his / her business, and all those issues that he / she has to face in his / her daily routine. This report contain four part in the first part we have discussed the portfolio of the business, secondly PEST analysis, third we discussed the current issues of business and in the last we have conclude all the above stated issue and formerly recommendation. COMPANY BACKGROUND INFORMATION Colgate-Palmolive Company (NYSE: CL) This is an American corporation that has the focused on the distribution, production, personal products, provision of household and health care such as detergents, soaps, toothpaste and toothbrushes (oral hygiene products). History William Colgate, a candle and soap maker opened up a starch, soap, and candle factory located on Dutch Street with the name of William Colgate Company in New York City in 1806. The firm in the initial years began to sell individual bars but later on in 1857, after the death of William the company started reorganized as Colgate Company operated by his son. In the starting of the year 1872, company introduced a perfumed soap with name of Cashmere Bouquet. Colgate sold the first toothpaste in 1896 with the brand name of Colgate Ribbon Dental Cream but after the success of this brand, company started mass selling in 1908 (Wikipedia 2010). Colgate people have built a reputation as a successful company that has the highest ethical standards. Through living the values of Global Teamwork, Caring, Continuous Improvement, and adhering to the principles of honor, integrity and concern for the environment, as the company seeks to: Provide quality products of value to customers Opportunities for professional growth to all company people Fulfill CSR as a member of the international community Increase shareholder value (Wikipedia 2010) Factors affecting the Business: Government Factors: Government does not have much influence on the FMCG industry in terms of regulations. There are consumer protection laws but they are not implemented as they should be. There are not much regulations involved in this industry (Krutz 2004). (P)olitical factors: Political factors are influencing this industry because the recent and order conditions have affected the whole economy which in turn affected the industry. Many of the factories of the big companies were burnt after the assassination of Benazir (Krutz 2004). (E)conomic factors: The overall economy of the country is showing a stable growth. Therefore this industry is also showing a growth of 10%. But the inflation is growing rapidly which is not a good sign for the new entrants. Change in the interest rate also affects the industry. Hence the new entrants are also threatened by the increasing interest rates (Wikipedia 2010). (S)ocial trends: The social trends are in favor of this industry. Mass awareness is created through media. So people are shifting from their traditional methods of washing clothes, skin care etc to the modern methods. This is a good sign for the new entrants. People have become more educated and health conscious. High population growth is another opportunity for the new entrants (Muravchik 2004). (T)echnological change: The technology can support this industry well. If the whole system can be automated from the import of raw material to the finished goods then it would save time and money. This is a good sign for the new entrants. But in this industry technology does not play a major role because the traditional formulae of soap or toothpaste are not that much complicated (Louviere 2001). Colgate-Palmolives Mission Statement Company mission statement focusing on the following factors Caring Every Company has claims cares about people but the Colgate Company has original care for its business partners, people, shareholders and customers. Colgate is dedicated to act with empathy, integrity and candor in all circumstances, to pay attention to customer according to the value differences and others. Similarly the Company is committed to defend the universal environment and to augment the communities where Colgate people are alive and work (Wikipedia 2010). Global Teamwork All Colgate employees are part of a worldwide squad, devoted to working together across countries and all through the world. Only by allocation ideas, technologies and talents can the Company accomplish and maintain profitable growth. Continuous Improvement Colgate is dedicated to getting improved every day in all it does, as persons and as teams. By better sympathetic consumers potential and incessantly working to improve and innovation in services, processes and products Colgate can be the best. (Wikipedia 2010) INTRODUCTION Every management has to face difficulties in every step of business development and Effective management is the main ingredients for the establishment / growth and success of the business. The success of the management is to examine the marketplace, background and create employment. In order to make profit opportunities that give the financial viability and potential growth for the business. Beside that the importance of management is usually misunderstood and wrongly interprets because people are giving more focus on the result somewhat than the course of management (Laroche, Michel,ÂÂ  Zhou and Kim 1996). Concurrently with the increase in demand about quality, business man attracted the attention of customers. A sudden wave of successful entrepreneurs looks as if to render earlier management concepts obsolete while ignoring the marketing / organizing talents of the success full business man / entrepreneur (Griffin and Pustay 2009). Planning is critical for developing a firms potential. This view tended to short term enhances profits, however created along term dysfunctional business environment. However, many small businesses do not distinguish the need for long-term plans, for the reason that the miniature no of people concerned in working the business involves equal conscientiousness in the decision making and planning processes (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002). Critical issue/problem for today business: Every new day bring the challenge for any business person, because to stay alive in the market you need to fight efficiently and smartly, as the world moving; complexity in every aspect of life is increase though technology has improved along but as much we belong to technology we get more depended. Following are the hot buttons for today business, and every business men more or less facing and struggling Political instability and involvement: Every government is eager to impose taxes to earn more and more profit, due to recent shock of recession most of the industries are move toward bankruptcy or liquidate just because of high taxes and less benefit given by the government. It is common these day small business or large organization owners to be unaware of current legal issues that can hit them because continuous changes in the business policies and implication by the governments put them in trouble. The problem is that legal trouble can cost them. It can even cost you your business. After 9/11 money laundering and other compliance issues are more dealt in the organization standard operating procedure (Wikipedia 2010) Poverty and inequality of income: Due to high inflation and high unemployment rate continuously hitting the poverty level to increase, and that all because of inequality of income, contrary as the inflation increase the cost of business will also increase that thing put the pressure on the business man to reduce the prices because consumer start searching for alternative. In Pakistan micro finance is getting importance as an effective tool for social mobilization poverty alleviation. Currently in Pakistan, a variety of institution including micro finance banks Others ranging from NGOs to private Government sponsored ruler support programs are delivering services to the poor, who dont have access to or neglected by the commercial banks. Micro finance aims at empowering individuals to earn a reasonable income through micro credits. Micro finance caters the needs of borrowers and usually focuses on the segment of the population whose economic status falls below poverty level (Krutz 2004) Ethical issues in business: Ethics and moral compulsion are something that we all come across at one time or another. All persons have to act in a way that would support the society in a proficient setting. In every business there are own policy of individuals and ethics within the particular business have adhere the compliance of the code conduct most of the organization investing lot of resource in order to maintain the ethic and code of conduct within the organization, even though regulatory bodies also penalized the organization if in case of non compliance (Krutz 2004) Constantly Changing Economic Environment: Dynamic economic environment is a night mare for the Contemporary business, because already exist giant in the market is a serious threat for them, because most of them have made cartel and create obstacle for the new business men to enter in the market or survival. Economical changes like inflation , Balance of payment, unemployment and poverty is also hindrance for the growth of business, for the fighting against all these indicators, entrepreneur need specific skill and knowledge, because without that he / she cannot be able to run the business smoothly (Griffin and Pustay 2009) Risk Management: Every organization is vulnerable of low chances events that could have a potentially appalling effect. Every single step has creating question for the organization success, and organization has to fight not only with external factor but has to manage the internal factor of the organization. All around us we find some people / object / substances that are working against the organization and the entire factor is consist of those indicators that need to be monitored. Theft of property Breach of laws Computer crimes Fraud Weather related damage In order to determine the variance between the expected and achieving results company has to determine the specific road map and checklist of the indicator which plays are major role in the indicator (Cateora and Graham 2007). Developing and Mentoring Employees: Managing the employees / labor is the critical issue for the business men in these days because as the dynamic environment is coming around, for competing with that we need to keep our staff in the phase of learning, and continuous training is required to make them up to date.. The actual problem comes when the employee / labor are unwilling to change and create hindrance in the way, so fighting with this problem is the main issue for the entrepreneurs. Negotiating and Managing Critical Relationships with stake holders: Developing / maintaining the relationship with all the stake holders is the important thing for the entrepreneurs because each and every one has its own importance, and without making good relation with them survival is difficult, for all the building relationship entrepreneurs need to have the negotiation and communication skills (Wikipedia 2010). Every day we have noticed that lots of entrepreneurs were lost their businesses just because they are lack with these skills and for understanding the critical relation with the stakeholders we must need to understand the importance, if we neglect the customers, so we lose business, if we neglect the good supplier so we lose the quality, if we neglect the distributor so we lose the perfection is services, and finally if we neglect the Government so we have to ready for the sanctions and implication / charges / penalties. Managing global operation: While organizations turn into global they frequently end up paying a intense price in requisites of managing complex challenges and issues. Host Country Norms and Customs. Workforce management Host country languages Unfamiliar laws and regulations. Unexpected Cost mix. Globalization has exaggerated most of business tremendously. Multinational Corporations are functioning and operating in almost every part of the world. It is significant to expend time in considerate how globalization formulates it pertinent and necessary for a MNC to scatter and spread its capacity and meaning of Operation. It would be correct if attempt to know the philosophy of Multinational Companies are not operating in any certain regions or countries. Similarly, the western worlds describe these shortcomings of Globalization, if a business decides to close up its business and depart from a host company. The general disadvantages which direct to a Multi National Company forgoing globalization include (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002). Proprietary Technology to host countries. Poor Employee skills. Political risks. Customer response time is slow. Effective communication Common reasons why organization Fail: We can identify certain familiar reasons why Organizations fail to achieve a competitive advantage and end up losing out to their competitors. These reasons are universal in nature and find the same footing in Pakistan as well as any other place in the world. http://smallbiztrends.com/category/current-issues Too much emphasis on short-term financial performance. Quite often, cost cutting, profit maximizing at the cost of social responsibility or employee motivation is a failed strategy pursued by organizations, which just hastens their status to oblivion. Failing to take advantage of strengths and opportunities. This is in reality failing to hold on to proven successful strategies or core competencies. Sometimes a change in leadership leads to change in strategy, where just for the sake of glory and high profits, organizations forget their core competence and opt for strategies and tactic which cause their downfall. Failing to recognize competitive threats. This reason is the exact opposite of failure to make use of the organizations strengths. Quite often organizations decide to pursue status quo and ends up bringing no new product or service or even no innovation in its existing product or service line leading to lack of customer satisfaction, decline in profits and finally being declared a failure. Neglecting operations strategy. This is definitely the most important reason of failure; organizations often end up employing non productive techniques which lead to inconsistent and failed operations. Too much emphasis in product and service design and not enough on improvement. Differentiation in terms of service and product, American companies in 1980s did that they never introduced incremental refinements rather went for big changes and thus lost to Japanese competitors. Neglecting investments in capital and human resources: A total disregard to use the best resource. Capital and human resources in the long run make or break an organization. Conclusion: Successful management is founded on the mastery of a multitude of details and the success of the business is depended on the efficient management from the available resources and decision making for best purpose. While management teach the significance of focusing attention on main issues affect the business, managers realize the main issues are the variety form the business. The small mistake to the business is unrecoverable bankruptcy, in a progressively more controlled society, inattentiveness to one slight detail cans consequence in considerable commotion of the business. Above mentioned problems is not the only problem faced by the entereprenurers but also every day they faced some sort of problem and hazard in conducting operations and meeting the standards, internal and external players of the market are the main indicator that need to be monitored and effectively organized.

Report on Wind :: Wind Energy Weather Essays

Report on Wind I did my report on wind. As you may or may not know wind moves horizontally, and the wind that doesn’t move horizontally moves vertically. That kind of wind is called a current. Many things may cause these rushes of moving air, one thing would be atmospheric pressure differences. The differences in the distribution of pressure and temperature is caused by the unequal distribution of heat. There are also the differences in the thermal properties of land and the ocean surfaces. When the temperatures of different regions become unequal, the warmer air will normally rise and move over the cold air because the cold air is heavier. That will sometimes cause things like tornadoes. Another way that winds move are by the usually great rotation of the earth. Isn’t that enough as it is? Really though†¦..how fast are we rotating and flying through space? Winds are classified into four major types believe it or not. The four major groups are, the local winds, the seasonal winds , the cyclonic and anticyclonic winds, and the prevailing winds. That’s kind of impressive if you ask me! Most people think of wind as a slight breeze on a summer’s day when it could be so much more. There are actually many, many more kinds of wind. You must remember that those are just the four main kinds. Now back to our "summer’s breeze," the strongest wind ever reliably measured on the surface of the earth was 362 km per hour or 225 miles per hour, recorded on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, on April 12, 1934. Considerably stronger winds, however, occur near the centers of tornadoes. I also thought that that was pretty neat. I got that fact out the Encarta ’95 encyclopedia, a very reliable source. That’s where I got a lot of the information in this report. Now we get the chance to talk about the local winds. These winds are determined by the seasonal changes in temperature and pressure over the land as well as water. During the day changes occur, which will exercise a similar but more of a local effect on places. These changes that will only occur during the day are diurnal. These diurnal occurrences happen mostly in the summer, because the land is warmer than the surrounding water during the day and is colder than the water by night. Isn’t it strange? O’well. The variations of pressure therefore lead or move a called forth system of breezes directed toward the land during the daytime and back towards the sea at night.

Elements of Expatriate Compensation Essay

The sum of pragmatic substantiation on the interaction between reimbursement stratagem and national culture and echelon of trade and industry progression of an economy is virtually not anything (Harvey, 1993). Due to the advent of globalization and the constantly rising total of international business, the Society for Human Resource Management International has observed that several expatriates, nationals and third country nationals whose fate crossed on borderlines felt that the compensation they receive are piously beyond their professional expectations. As a matter of fact, the benefits and assistance by the management of the companies hitherto have been reckoned as the most ideal support dating back on economical datum. However, when outsourcing has commenced, the HR of multinational companies have also adjusted compensation schemas lowering it down to national basics compared to prior services. Contingency theories as well as resource dependence analogies have been established—the organizational level based on interdependence, complexity, age and size of foreign affiliate—while the environmental sagacity dwelled on country characteristics—market compensation, political risk and cultural distance (Boyacigiller, 1990). In a larger perspective, expatriate compensation is also considered as the benefits given to international students in universities offering overseas scholarship. Those who came the farthest are treated at the highest level while those who are in close proximity to the donor (or the company, per se) will have slighter treatment, which includes benefits and assistance. These elements, however, may be deemed as logically just and fair since there is a huge demarcation between the needs of the expatriates and the nationals (Harvey, 1993). Thus certain factors are also held credible in evaluation and assessment, dependent to the qualifications granted by the law and by the company, more specifically all credentials are taken into account.

Comparative Narrative Essays

Comparative Narrative Essays Comparative Narrative Essay Comparative Narrative Essay Reading, for the true enthusiasts, is a time to take a break, a vacation from the everyday hum-drum life. It is a time for him or her to escape what he or she knows to experience and view life through another’s eyes. For one who truly enjoys this pastime, it does not matter what the genre is. Whether short fictional tales or non-fiction stories. Whether poetry or essays the reader escapes through reading. This paper will compare the elements of narrative in two fictional and two non-fictional works, exploring such areas as the credibility, entertainment value and superiority within the distinct character of both, the fictional and non-fictional genres of literature. The stories, The Richer, the Poorer by Dorothy West and My Lack of Gumption, by Russell Baker both taken from The Art of Work (LaRocco Coughlin, 1996, p. 106 and 119) and The Virus, by Craig Brown and Buy a Cellular Phone, Sublet Your Soul by Robert Aquinas McNally both taken from The Literature of Work (Murphy, S. Sperling, J. , Murphy, J, 1991, p 29 277) will be used for the various crossover themes that are perceptible in them. NARRATIVE Narrative is defined as â€Å"the general term (for a story long or short; of past, present or future; factual or imagined; told for any purpose; and with or without much detail). † (2006) In a fictional work, narrative may be used to create emotion or evoke emotional response s from the reader. Emotions such as love, fear, anger and pain can be enhanced or exaggerated in a fictional account to pike the readers interest. In a non-fictional work narrative can be used to condense time to eliminate unimportant or uninteresting points in a story. Whole periods can be skipped so more time can be spent describing or exploring the most essential or momentous points of the true account. Facts are the basic elements upon which a story is built. Narrative ties facts together in a meaningful and entertaining way. It provides the connection or transitional elements which allow the facts to be related smoothly and conceivably to the reader. The four literature works explored for this paper have all used the narrative in such a way to arouse the senses of the reader. Whether told from a third person view as is the case in The Richer, the Poorer or the first person in The Virus the reader is drawn into the life of another riding the waves of change that occur in the stories. CREDIBILITY The reader needs a reason to immerse him or herself into the story that they are reading. Relating to the character in some way is a major component of the immersion into the work. The reader has to believe or except the story for it to have a true affect on him. However, unlike a non-fictional account, in a fictional work credibility is not as important because the reader is aware that the story is made up and is not a true retelling of the facts. Authenticity gives way to make-believe and imagination. Finding true meaning in life and work is a theme that is told in both The Richer, the Poorer and My Lack of Gumption, yet they are told in both a fictional and non-fictional method. By the end of these stories these characters have found out what their purposes is in life. However the way they reached those discoveries were very different. Lottie, the main character in The Richer, the Poorer has lived her whole life doing everything that she was supposed to do. Always working and not living life to the fullest. It is not until she is past sixty and her sister comes to live with her that she realizes that there is more to life than working and she should have paid more attention life instead of letting it pass her by. She sums up her years when she says â€Å"†¦It was me who didn’t use them I saved for them. I forgot the best of them would go without my every spending a day or a dollar enjoying them. That’s my life story in those few words, a life never lived. † (LaRocco Coughlin, 1996, p. 109) She gets it now even when it seems too late. Yet many can learn from her mistakes to find ‘it’ early in life so life is not wasted. Russell, the character from My Lack of Gumption, on the other hand finds his true purpose early in life. It was from the A paper he wrote, when he was eleven, retelling his summer vacation and a ‘suggestion’ by his mother which caused him to come to the realization that he would be a writer. Why? Simply because, in his own words, â€Å"†¦what writers did couldn’t even be classified as work†¦ Writers didn’t have to have any gumption at all. † (LaRocco Coughlin, 1996, p. 126) He had found the job he loved and now he did not have to ‘work’ anymore. Both characters have taught a valuable lesson. Finding purpose in life. Now whether one believes the account from Russell, because he is working and living his calling, or learns from the life long mistake by the fictional character Lottie. The writing has achieved its intended purpose. Entertainment In non-fiction the reader is looking for believability or credibility as a logical framework for the stories, events and plot, there must be a connection to real life. The bond to real life could be the entertainment itself. The reader is looking for a way to identify with the experiences of the author. In fiction the author can transport the reader to events and periods that are outside the bounds of real life. This often provides a transcendental experience that can be thrilling, dangerous, and humorous or evoke a number of psychological, mystical, or a purely physical experience. Superiority Fictional narrating is superior when dealing with facts and circumstances which are uninteresting or unimportant to the reader. Non-fictional narrative can be superior when the facts or circumstances that form the basis of the story are interesting and important to the reader. Telling the story of one who has been put out to pasture by an employer after many years of faithful and dedicated service is a fate that many hope to avoid and feel†¦ wish†¦ hope†¦ that it won’t happen to them. Craig Brown who wrote The Virus uses fictional narrating very effectively in introducing and even cautioning employers lest this same fate befalls them. He draws the reader into an intriguing tale of suspense, drama and whodunit to find the culprit who is wrecking havoc on the employee and customer used computer terminals of a bank. His character, Terry, has found a way to kill two birds with one stone. He infiltrated the banks computer system to get back at them for losing his job and also as a way to show them that they need him to protect the system. He explains to the investigator â€Å"†¦what a shambles the so-called security is in. I decided to take a little chance. Show them they needed a real security officer and not someone who just holds the title. † (Murphy, S. , Sperling, J. , Murphy, J, 1991, p 42) On the other side of the coin, Robert Aquinas McNally uses Non-fictional narrative in Buy a Cellular Phone, Sublet Your Soul to show how much life and time is slipping away because man is so tied to schedules and calendars. It is such an epidemic that man multitasks and the cell phone has become an extension of themselves. So much so that it can all be summed up in â€Å"There is too little time to do everything because we don’t do anything. When nothing receives full attention, everything slips past. † (Murphy, S. , Sperling, J. , Murphy, J, 1991, p 278) Conclusion This paper has performed a through analysis of the elements of narrative in fictional and non-fictional literary works. Discovering connections in such areas as the credibility, entertainment value and superiority within these two genres of literature. References LaRocco, C. , Coughlin, J. , (1996), The Art of Work, South-Western Educational Publishing Murphy, S. , Sperling, J. , Murphy, J. , (1991), The Literature of Work, University of Phoenix Press

Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody Essay Example

Multi Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody Paper Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody Paper Directed and written by Jack Van Dermal, Mr.. Nobody is a brilliant film that portrays the timeless theme of lifes choices and possibilities in a refreshing and dazzling manner. Despite the complex and unconventional narrative structure of the plot, Dermal demonstrates his extraordinary skills of storytelling through presenting to the audience a magnificent film with a form more complicated than Tom Testers Run Lola Run and a theme broader than Peter Hotpots primary focus on love in Sliding Doors. This essay will analyze how the the seven key conventions defined by Borrowed (2002) are defied by or applied on the films multi-draft narrative. The film begins with a montage showing four deaths of Memo at the age of 34him lying in morgue, him drowning in his car under water, him being shot in the bathtub, and him waking in an explosion of a space shuttle. The quick scenes are then closely followed by 118-year-old Memo waking up in 2092, looking as if he is confused over his own past. His memory appears to have paused in 2009 as he claims to be 34 years old. With the help of his doctor, Memo begins to recount his whole life right room the start. These parts of Memos story, his childhood and old age, are in a somewhat linear narration. The voice-over of young Memo explains that the unborn children know everything about the past and future until the Angels of Oblivion place a finger on their lips and make them forget. Being missed by the angels, Memo chooses his own parents and comes to the world knowing everything. He knows, from the very beginning, that certain things are meant to be. He also ponders upon existence and the irreversibility of time, which are brought up in the later parts of the elm over and over. At the age of 9, Memo realizes the difficulty of choosing and faces the first crossroad of his life, from which point the film complicates into a multi-draft narrative. We cannot go back. Thats why its hard to choose. You have to make the right choice. As long as you dont choose, everything remains possible. With that in mind, little Memo chooses not to make a choice between two kinds of dessert or among three of his future partners. The audiences see Memo marrying all three of them at the similar age but in different lives. All parallel narrative begins when Memo faces the most critical decision of his lifedeciding which parent he should live with after their separation. This can be seen as the first branching point of Memos lives. Memo marries three women, Anna, Elise and Jean, has different Jobs and dies in different incidents all in similar age, indicating that the film conforms to Bordellos fifth convention: forking paths often run parallel. In the first narrative, Memo follows his mother and falls in love with Anna. Choosing to stay with his father in the second ND third narratives, Memo falls for Elise and Jean respectively. In one of these two narratives Memo writes his own novel about traveling towards Mars on a shuttle, which makes the fourth narrative. Each of these forking paths is linear on its own, keeping to Bordellos first convention: each path, after it diverges, adheres to a strict In these parallel narratives, Memo keeps changing the courses whenever he encounters unpleasant incidences, such as the several deaths mentioned above. For example, in the second narrative, Memo falls in love with Elise who does not return is affection. Heartbroken, he gets into a horrible bike accident and becomes paralyzed. Yet as soon as the viceroy says Vive got to get out of here. Go back. Before the accident, the audiences watch the accident rewind and Memo making a slightly different decision then eventually marrying the girl of his dreams. The protagonist defies death and reverses time. Here, the film adheres to the sixth convention: the forking paths presuppose the previous ones, as Memo makes the wiser choice in the second narrative. On the whole, Memo wants to reinvent his own life while the doctor and the interviewer aim to make sense of Memos stories and find out which of them is true. In this sense, it can be said that the characters of Mr. Nobody are somewhat goal- oriented. Everything you say is contradictory. You cant have been in one place and another at the same time. Of all those lives, which one is the right one? asks the interviewer. This line shows that the film is self-reflective as it is clearly aware of the nature of its unconventional narrative. The forking paths of Memo consist of recurrent characters and background conditions across the different lines of action (Waded, 2009) which is Bordellos third convention. For instance, whichever path Memo takes, he always runs into Anna, the woman who loves him as much as he does her. Not only does it show the intersection of the multiplicity, it also highlights the love theme of the filmone cannot possibly be happy with someone if the affection is not mutual. That is why Memo is not happy with either Elise or Jean. As Memo changes the course of his lives repeatedly, the audiences could not help but ender which fragment is his real life and whether the things he says are true at all, especially when all his alternative lives literally collide together towards the end of Memos recollection. In the narrative where he stays with his dad, marries but loses Elise to an accident, Memo escapes the death of drowning that he would have had in another narrative, but is told by his neighbor that he is drowned. The Memo in yet another narrative who is typing in a house then finds himself in danger of drowning as the house is suddenly flooded with water. Multiple circular narratives merge into nee. Towards the end, the seemingly linear narrative of the entire film is broken down as 118-year-old Memo tells the interviewer that neither of them really exists, because they are only imagined by a nine year old child faced with an impossible choice. Memo eventually dies at the time he has predicted he would, but as soon as he does, time rewinds quickly all the way to his childhood, echoing with Memos earlier statement to his younger self, For me, time is inverted. I start at the end of the story and go toward the beginning and confirming that he has truly always known everything about the past as well as the future. The film ends, leaving its audiences In conclusion, Mr. Nobody complies with four out of seven key conventions of Bordellos, showing that it goes beyond traditional narrative norms. The narrative might be more closed than open in each single forking path, but it is definitely open in terms of the whole film. The mysteries of Memos life have not been solved, leaving the audiences with plenty information gaps and room for interpretation. Nonetheless, the director has made his point rather explicitly through Memos answer o the interviewers confusion, Each of these lives is the right one!

Compare and contrast two European countries Essay

Compare and contrast two European countries - Essay Example Social exclusion and marginalization have been intensified by the several factors, which includes the following. The increasing disparities in educational and skill levels have led to several people staying out of the labor market because judgment is based on qualification. Long-term unemployment poses the individuals to the risk of segregation in the society. They may be denied access to opportunities due to their economic status. Male joblessness is another rising issue. This is brought about by the emphasis placed on gender equality. In the effort to combat the past inequalities, much has been done on the women and girl child part hence putting the male species at stake. (Atherton, 2003, p.81) Since more and more women are getting educated and are given first priority in the job sector men are at the risk of losing jobs. Another factor is feminization of an increasingly casualised work force. The widening gaps in income levels are creating bigger possibilities of social exclusion. The increasing gaps in income levels are building on social gaps between the rich and the poor. The rich gets richer and the poor is getting poorer. This makes it difficult for the poor to cope with the fast moving life. People who cannot fit in the high-class life are locked out to belong to a rather low class. (Atherton, 2003, p.85) Deteriorating health and life expectancies for the poor society members is on the increase. The poor cannot access to health services most likely after the superiors deny them them. Poor health leads to short life expectancy. The poor standards of living contribute largely to the rising mortality rates among the poor. The rich has enough income to eat well, have a dignified life, a good health and their life expectancy is higher compared to the life expectancies of the poor members in the society. (Ferguson, 1990, p.24) Social exclusion is at the centre of public discourse in all countries across the European Union. Most researchers and scholars use past data to create comparable indicators of social exclusion. Most of the comparable dynamic information was on a wide range of demographic, social and economic indicators across Europe. Almost half the employed age population is disadvantaged on at least one point in time. Very few people are likely to be sidelined on a large number of social exclusio

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership - Essay Example This system is clearly working since Employee 1 is doing more than the minimum with the aim of accessing the end-year bonus. The second source of power in an organization is expert power, where an individual possesses significant knowledge or skills in a certain domain in the organizations operations. In most cases, the individual performs a duty or responsibility that others cannot undertake to the same level, and hence is an important asset to the organization. Since the organization does not wish to lose such an individual, it seeks to make them comfortable and thus submits to their requests. Employee 2 draws his power from being the only expert accountant in Corporate A. Since he is the only individual who can prepare the company’s financial statement he has negotiated for a 4 day work-week that is inaccessible for the rest of the employees in the accounting department. His being the only Certified Public Accountant is a source of power within the organization. The other b asis of power in organizations stems from personal characteristics. Having individual special qualities such as charisma and people skills results in admiration from the rest of the workforce and management and thus places one in positions from which they can gain audience within the organization. Charismatic qualities make certain employees convincing enough to side with, besides making their ideas attractive. This is certainly the case for Employee 3 who despite having not been in Corporate A longer than the other employees is already influential in the company. The rest of the employees are attracted to his positive and charismatic personality, and this is a source of power to him as we can see his project idea being spiritedly adopted by the department. Coercive sources of power are felt in the case where leaders create the perception of threats to the employees. This can either be through making others believe that the individual may implement punitive measures, reprimand them or withdraw certain advantages. Individuals can also coerce the management to listen to their wishes for example through threatening to withdraw service through labor unions. The marketing manager clearly coerces his staff members to work beyond the minimum through threatening to withdraw end year bonuses which for individuals like Employee 1 are absolutely crucial if they are to afford certain desired things. The last source of power is legitimate/positional power which is wielded by leaders within organizations by virtue of being appointed to head other employees. The extent of positional power is dependent on the position one holds, for instance middle level managers, senior managers among others. Corporate A scenario presents three examples of positional power in the marketing manager, the accounting department manager and the sales manager who lead employees in their respective department. Relationship between Dependency and Power According to Murphy and Willmott (2009) there i s a relationship between power and dependency because the power resides implicitly in another person’s dependency. Examples of this can be clearly seen in Corporate A, where the marketing manager wields power on employees who are dependent on him due to his discretion in distributing rewards. Due to the various sources of power within